Australian Guide To Indoor Nox Exposure Which Affects The Human Health Literature Review Examples

Introduction Quality of air is a determinant in the quality of life, indoor air is important as people spend on average 80-90% of their lives in door (WHO, 2007). Indoor air quality began a long time but only been a health concern decades ago when awareness of contaminants presented in the air. The problem begins when the construction of building are highly insulated to conserve energy, which caused a trap to air intoxicants inside the building (E. Willard, 2005). This causes the exchange of outdoor to indoor to lessen and therefore the indoor air pollution builds up. Indoor air quality is a complex issue as research indicates that there are over 900 contaminants presented in the air from various sources (E. Willard, 2004). The indoor environments are under the impact of constant interaction changes which is difficult to analyze. For example, the concentration is greatly dependent on temperature or humidity, if temperature increases, the concentration increases. Sources of air pollution are important when considering health effects because they relate to individual and population exposures (R.E.Hester, 2008). A survey conducted to review the source of contaminants that lead to poor indoor air quality. The results given as: 53% inadequate ventilation 10% outdoor contamination, 5% microbial contamination, 4% building material contamination and13% others. (E. Willard, 2003) This review aims to find out how the indoor air affects the air quality management with various air studies that have been used to examine ambient air quality. The objectives of the review are to study: Sources of Nox exposure, both indoor and outdoor Strucutres that influence the accumulation of NOx Adverse health effects associated with NOx exposure Human behavior in response to Nox exposure Compare effects of max and min exposures The review strives to explore the different types of sources that contribute to NOx pollution and the sources are not restricted to indoor sources as the air also flows from the outside to t he inside.   The objectives of the paper leads to the research of the human health behaviors once exposed to NOx and explore different types of legislations and regulations that have been set up to monitor exposure of NOx since it is necessary to compare the current and the past issues that contribute to NO managements. Indoor Air Pollution studies Indoor air pollution is contributed from either indoor or outdoor air. Inside a building, there are many factors that originate contaminants and build up to air pollution. From outside, air may enter the buildings which increase the air the pollution (Willard,2008). Concentrations of pollutants are variable depending on the time and place. The impact of indoor pollution consists of cigarette smoking, stove operation, burning of kerosene, and various determinants from building materials (reference needed).   The impact from energy conservation decreases air quality due to the declining rate of ventilation. Air pollution and health’ by Hester (date), the studies of air pollution are determined by various ways and methodologies; they are as follow; By chamber (human challenge) studies By studies of morbidity Studies of hospital admissions Studies of mortality In chamber studies, the effect of individual pollutants is studied alone or in combination with other pollutants under controlled conditions. This monitors doses accurately to deliver the effects of co-factors. Epidemiological studies are more informative about health from individuals and population level.   The main purpose of the air quality studies is to measure, control and determine the effects on the human’s health and the results and examinations from the air pollution studies which enable the authorities to regulate and control the air quality for the community at the safest conditions. What is NOx? NOx is a reference to oxides of nitrogen, which as air pollutants, consists of NO and NO2. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) has the most contribution of human health issue at a higher magnitude to Nitrogen Oxide (NO) (National environmental health forum, 2007). Nitrogen dioxide can be found in various places such as the outdoors, motor vehicles, public places, inside an office and within the homes.   Nitrogen dioxide is formed naturally in the atmosphere and can be created as a by-product from human activities. Nitrogen dioxide can also be formed from oxidation of the atmospheric nitrogen by the ignition and the oxidation of ammonia. The combustion process converts the nitrogen fuel into oxide, such as nitric oxide. The Nitric oxide oxidizes into nitrogen dioxide from the presence of the ozone and hydrocarbons outdoors and the presence of hydrocarbons.   NO2 can react with other compounds in the atmosphere and thus forming inorganic and organic nitrates, such as nitric acid and peroxyacety l nitrate (National environmental health forum, 2007). NOx indoor sources The exposure to NOx has been known to cause varying levels of symptoms, but depending on the levels of exposure and its exposure can be particularly harmful to people suffering from asthma, as it might trigger an asthma attack.   If one suspects that they have been exposed to harmful amounts of NOx   it is important to contact a health-care provider as fast as possible. At low concentrations, NOx has been shown to cause: Eye, nose, throat and lung irritation Shortness of breath Nausea Dizziness Coughing Fluid build up in lungs At very high concentrations, the NOx has been shown to cause: Reduced ability to oxygenate body tissues Death Spasms of respiratory tract Unconsciousness Burning and swelling of respiratory tract NOx affects the human health The equipment which measures NOx is available, but is it is usually too expensive and complex to use for the general public. The homes that are located near busy roadways or the coal burning power plants often have higher levels of NOx. But burning natural gas, smoking tobacco, the kerosene, or the wood inside homes increases the concentrations of NOx. By avoiding the sources of the indoor NOx,   it is often the best way to limit the indoor concentrations. Some easy recommendations to reduce exposure include not smoking tobacco inside, limiting the use of wood burning fireplaces and limiting the usage of gas or the kerosene powered space heaters and stoves. To limit the indoor concentrations, it i9s recommended that one always ventilate devices that create NOx directly to the outside (EPA, 2005) Epidemiological studies (Morgan et al, 1996) found significant effects of nitrogen dioxide on mortality and hospitalisation. Exposure studies show inconsistent findings with young children with asthma whom are most likely to be affected by nitrogen dioxide. NOx sampling and monitoring Studies are carried out to sample and monitor NOx to determine exposures to the human health over certain periods. Samplers collect nitrogen dioxide over period of time to measure the presence and concentration of the contaminant. For the indoor sampling, indoor air are not as uniform as ambient air and the general methods that are used to sample nitrogen dioxide are; Chemiluminescence method (AS3580.5.1), electrochemical cell device, passive Palmes tube method (AS2365.11) and passive badge method (AS2365.1.2). The Chemiluminescence method and electrochemical device allows sampling to provide continuous data which presents in 1 hour average. AS2365.1.2 presents data in short term averages of several hours and AS2365.1.1 show long term averages of several days. (National environmental health forum, 2007). The precision of data depends on the period of average system. One hour averages are more accurate to determine concentration of nitrogen dioxide. What are the differences between these methods, could add more information now such as comparing the results from different studies utilizing the different methods. There are indirect sampling approaches to measure nitrogen dioxide where studies used questionnaires technique to examine the candidates. Questions would be related to the presence or absence to nitrogen dioxide sources and the intensity of their use. The estimations are compared to the data from a continuous outdoor monitoring. The data then gathered from all sites and analyzed to provide appropriate result for an indirect assessment method (World health organization, 2008). Studies are not accurately presented with indoor monitoring data as limitations to the number of sites, amount of data, conformity of data average periods and uniformity of methods. This results in instability and inconsistency of data monitoring. A study was compiled by the National Environmental Health Forum (1997), which examined data from 5000 indoor samples. Figure X show a compilation of   the data on NOx exposures in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. recorded. It shows those indoor peaks are dramatically higher than outdoor peak, also on a regular basis. 30 studies from USEPA (1993) found that average indoor nitrogen dioxide with no sources to be 71% in comparison to 61% of corresponding outdoor levels. It shows that peak indoor levels generally occur when most occupants are in that specific environment. Figure X.   Nox exposures in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(National environmental health forum, 1997) Another table below shows the results from indoor nitrogen studies that represent the results in an expression of a percentage to the concentration of nitrogen. National environmental health forum, 1997 NOx regulations and guidelines The guidelines from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) for nitrogen dioxide over a one hour period for the indoor levels should be at maximum of 0.16ppm. Currently, the level of concern for the indoor is at 0.3ppm (National environmental health forum, 2006). In 2002 the IPCS and the WHO Air Quality Guidelines from Europe recommended a lower 1-hour period guideline of 0.11ppm. Case Study The air pollution is a very serious problem in Canada and the burning of fuels in vehicles and engines is a main contributor, especially in big cities and thus, the air pollution is harmful to the environment and the health of Canadians. Many families use gas to heat up their houses as well as kerosene stoves and this contributes to much of the NOx emission. At the same time, the vehicles are parked adjust to the homes and the engines release all kinds of air pollutants including the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and sulphur oxides (SOx), which are jointly termed to as Criteria Air Contaminants (CACs). Both the NOx and VOCs supply to the arrangement of the ground- level ozone and this is one of the major components of smog, which is often to be seen as a haze over urban centres. In the 2000, emissions of the NOx and VOCs from these diesel engines that powered the farming and forestry, construction, mining, machines were equal to those created by about 480,000 heavy duty diesel trucks and buses and this NOx finds its way to these homes though the open windows. Figure X below shows the guidelines of nitrogen dioxide exposure over several countries. Figure X:   Title (National environmental health forum, 1997) Conclusion Nitrogen dioxide has shown to be an indoor pollution contaminant that comes from various home cooking, heating appliances and indoor tobacco smoking. It has shown to have an impact on the human’s health with respiratory issues and impairs lung functionalities.   Epidemiological studies have assessed and quantify the health impact of indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure. It has shown a greater impact on the health effect of asthmatics and children. The indoor nitrogen dioxide concentration has been an issue for many countries over past decades. There has been guidelines set for improvements, however, Australia have not met to the guideline standards. Recommendations The resolution simply require the assessments to the problem, standard identification, formation of authorities to hold responsible for clean air and actions to improve air quality. At current Australia has National Enforceable Standards for Ambient air (NEPHs), but it only contains non enforceable guidelines for some indoor air pollutants. It is necessary to establish a set of national standard for indoor air quality in the near future. The Australia state government has imposed regulations for outdoor air control legislations which can fine up to $1 million for infringements of air pollution. However, there’s lack of interest for indoor air environment concerns. There have only been occasional involvements to issue information brochures about the gas heaters and the passive smoking to the community. There should be actions and plans to help reducing the level of indoor air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide. Some immediate steps to address the indoor nitrogen issues include: Establish a national body to be responsible for adequate nitrogen dioxide concentration. Lack of ownership and responsibility to indoor air quality will no doubt be effective. There should be a government department that is to be responsible for unhealthy air quality that affects the community. Develop standards for nitrogen dioxide. Until Australia has adequate benchmarks, we cannot establish a degree of concern about the level of nitrogen dioxide or any pollutants and its action for resolution. At current, Australia is very slow in developing standards that meet the world’s air pollution standards. The benchmarks should be expanded to all pollutants (not just nitrogen dioxide) and to adopt them into international standards to set as working guidelines. Collate data measured indoor nitrogen dioxide levels into a national database. Collating indoor air pollution data into a national database allow an easy accessible source to obtain any raw data or measurements. At current, the Commonwealth has began funding for the first project in Australia to gather data to a simplified source. This will establish extensive knowledge hubs which engage data from all over the world. Extensive education to the public about the concern of nitrogen dioxide. At current, communities are not aware about the health risks posed by nitrogen dioxide pollutant, and only occasionally are attentive to the media. Smoking causes the most indoor air pollution, but the media addresses smoking harms human health, but do not explain indoor smoking can increase the indoor concentration, where if not highly ventilated, then it will be trapped indoor. The information base is not adequate for delivering the objectives. Replace old unflued heaters (especially in NSW schools). NSW government schools use the most gas heaters, which research shows that the nitrogen dioxide concentration levels goes up to 2.9ppm. It is estimated that the number of affected students can be up to 50,000. Replacing the gas heaters can minimize the affected health issues to the students. Establish programs that will address the problems. Coordinated education program can equip the community with the required knowledge about decisions and actions that could affect the quality of indoor air and nitrogen dioxide. This is necessary if other plans are not feasible and would be an effective method to influence human behaviors and decisions. A recommendation is to action a national day for air quality to increase the community’s awareness. Improve ventilations where sources are presented indoors. This is the simplest method to reduce levels of indoor air pollution. Increase ventilation will allow emissions from sources to be diluted with the ambient air. Building should have standards to achieve this; therefore, this should be included in building codes and standards.   The vehicles that are parked near the houses should be parked far away from any open windows and doors. So the planners of the house should ensure that when the houses are erected, the parking should be far away from the houses. At the same time, it would be important if the home owners strived to stop using kerosene stoves or other equipments that emits NOx.

Indentured Servitude A Legal, Written Contract Binding...

Indentured Servitude An indenture was a legal, written contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified term.(1) The system of Indenture and Indentured servants was introduced in Colonial America to meet the growing demand for cheap, plentiful labor in the colonies. The indentured servants worked for no wage; instead they worked for basic necessities such as food, clothing and a place to live. (2) Even though slaves existed in the English Colonies in the 1600s, many farmers employed Indentured Servants instead. There was a high demand for work as the growth of tobacco; rice (which was easy to prepare and was also a hearty meal that would sustain a workers bodies for a long day’s work) and indigo (organic dye, distinctive for its blue color and is used for infection) were very prominent during the 1680s. Choosing to work by this method was not only beneficial to the masters and servants it was an all-around success to expand the working population of the C hesapeake colonies. Aside from the method used above there was the â€Å"Headright System†, used by Maryland and Virginia. The colony leaders were aware of the essential needs for economic survival. They knew that labor was a requirement in order to survive economically, to make this possible they provided inducements for planters to import workers. This became a win-win situation; the masters were rewarded with 50 acres of land for every worker they brought across the Atlantic. This had become a veryShow MoreRelatedIkea Children Labour6495 Words   |  26 Pagesdecision of cutting off one of the company’s major suppliers of Indian rugs. While such a move would disrupt supply and affect sales, she found the reasons to do so quite compelling. A German TV station had just broadcast an investigative report naming the supplier as one that used child labor in the production of rugs made for IKEA. What frustrated Barner was that, like all other IKEA suppliers, this large, well-regarded company had recently signed an addendum to its supply contract explicitly forbiddingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescentury c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial

Cultural Shift Example

Essays on Cultural Shift Coursework Cultural Shift: The Coca-Cola Super Bowl XLVII Advertisement The account of gay people in ifiedadvertisement is less than a decade. Over years, companies have come to accept the inclusion of gay families in their advertisements as part of telling their brand story to an inclusive market. One such advertisement is the Coca-Cola Multilanguage Super Bowl commercial on February 2, 2014 (Emery n.p). To America, this advertisement pioneered featuring the gay community through a gay couple that takes their daughter roller-skating. From the Gay Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (GLAAD) and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community, the advertisement won in every way. Over the last decade, the shift in public opinion on same sex marriage from 58% in 2003 to 33% in 2013 is an indication of gradual acceptance attributed to huge group of youthful adults (Pew Research n.p). This ascent in the acceptance of gay rights has seen 17 states and the District of Colombia legalizin g gay marriages. This shift is what the Coca-Cola advertisement took advantage of to show the country the growing majority of Americans from all occupations in favor and support of their LGBT family, friends, and neighbors. Further, the advertisement is a pacesetter to the corporate in America that successful business today also means including LGBT. According to (Ferraro n.p), the behind the scenes revealed one of the dads acknowledging that people can now accept and respect them as a family. Since Coca-Cola a sponsors the World Olympic, GLAAD has called upon the company to condemn anti-LGBT violence and laws hampering the lives of Russian LGBT people (Ferraro n.p).(a) (b)Figure (a) and (b) shows images of the gay couple roller-skating with their daughter and enjoying a coke. Source: Ferraro (n.p) Works CitedEmery, Debbie. Super Bowl: Coca Cola Gay Dads Commercial Gets Thumbs Up From GLAAD (Video). 2 February 2014. Web. 3 September 2014.Ferraro, Rich. Watch now: Coca-Cola unveils gay-inclusive ad during Super Bowl XLVIII. 2 February 2014. Web. 3 September 2014.Pew Research. Growing Support for Gay Marriage: Changed Minds and Changing Demographics. 20 March 2013. Web. 3 September 2014.

Video Number Three Presentations From Baroness Glenys...

Video number three featured three presentations from Baroness Glenys Thornton, Clifford Harding, and Henry Bonsu. All three of these presentations involved the different perspectives that can take place in education, particularly in Great Britain and how these minority groups are currently viewed as inferior within Great Britain. Baroness Glenys Thornton took a larger sociological approach toward the underrepresentation of minorities. Her presentation was based on the diversity of the members of the British parliament as well as the diversity of the other portions of the British government. She stated that minority groups are underrepresented by a margin of about three percent of the current population in the British parliament. Clifford Harding took a more individualized approach to this issue. Clifford didn’t really grow up in the best living conditions, and he was involved in some questionable things such as drugs. He said that was often told that he was â€Å"dumb and stupid† when he was in school (mainly due to the fact that he was dyslexic) and that it would be safe to say that these taunts would discourage many people from continuing their education if they were faced with these messages. Henry Bonsu added onto Clifford Harding’s message in his presentation. Bonsu’s message was that we all have the ability to do anything we want to in schools. The only reason that we feel as if we won’t do well is that we think we won’t do well. As soon as we gain confidence and ignore

Check Your Understanding Week free essay sample

Demand for Tweetie Sweeties by General Cereals question: a. The price elasticity is -2. 15, which is elastic. b. The advertising elasticity 1. 05. c. The population elasticity is 3. 70. A one-percent increase in the population over under the age of 12 will lead to a 3. 7% increase in the demand for Tweetie Sweeties. 6. Demand for haddock question: a. The price elasticity is -2. 174, which is elastic. a. The income elasticity is 0. 461, which is a normal good, but a necessity like most food items. b. The cross price elasticity with meat and poultry is 1. 09. Fish and meat/poultry are substitutes. c. Haddock is elastic, a necessity, and other meats are close substitutes. d. A 5% increase in income leads to a (. 461)(5%) = 2. 305% increase in the demand for Haddock. 7. Demand for furniture question: a. The income elasticity of furniture is 1. 08, which puts it in the luxury category. The price elasticity (using real prices) is -0. 48, which is inelastic. b. R is the value of private con struction per household. We will write a custom essay sample on Check Your Understanding Week or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For a 1% increase in the private residential construction, there is a . 16% increase in furniture purchases. The greater the amount spent by families on their housing, the more furniture that they acquire. c. If all furniture was alike, using physical units could work. Some furniture is elaborate, with rare wood or costly fabrics, while others are cheaply constructed. Revenue is not perfect, but it allows chairs, tables, and Armoires to be added together in dollar values. In units, the price elasticity is shows how a 1% price jump in real prices affects units sold; whereas in revenue, the price elasticity shows how a 1% real price increase impacts the dollar value of goods sold.

And If I Hurt You free essay sample

Behind every beautiful thing, there is some kind of pain -Bob Dylan Cads Theres a good side to getting hurt a lot. .. After a while it Just doesnt bother you as much. You can try your hardest, you can do everything and say everything, but sometimes people Just arent worth trying over anymore They arent worth worrying about. .. Its important to know when to let go of someone who only brings you down. I dont know why your heart doesnt do what your mind tells it to. -Brown Sugar You may have created my past and screwed up my present, but you have no control ever my future. David class And even though the moment just passed me by, I still cant turn away. For once, Instead of telling me the reasons why I shouldnt cry, actually pay attention to the reasons why I am. And if I hurt you, then Im sorry. Please dont think that this was easy. All good things have endings The Get Up Kids Its such a Ill that you should do whats In your heart. If we all did what was In our hearts, the world would come too halt. -my so called life Sometimes I may hate you, but Ill always love you -Adair How do you leave the past behind, when it keeps finding ways to get to your heart?Rent Smile. Its easier than explaining why youre sad. Sometimes bad things happen for no reason, no purpose. They Just occur and were left to pick up the pieces the best we can. Felicity The best way to appreciate something is to be without it for awhile. The truth is, everyones going to hurt you. You Just have to decide who is worth the pain. Sometimes what you want the most youre better off without. There is an end to things no matter how much we want to hold onto them. I dont know if youve ever felt like that. That you wanted to sleep for a thousand years.Or Just not exist. Or Just not be aware that you do exist. Or something like that. I think wanting that is very morbid, but I want it when I get like this. Thats why Im trying not to think. I Just want it all to stop spinning. (the perks of being a wallflower) A person may be in love with someone until the end of time, but if that person doesnt tell their feelings of love, it will Just be another person living a dream, lost of true love. I never knew what I had until the first day it wasnt there. You hurt me so bad, but maybe its my fault, because I stuck around too long.I was lost. There was nobody for me to talk to about all that you were troubling me with. So I sat alone, with everything inside, and cried myself to sleep. Sometimes if you really want to make things work you have to keep you mouth shut and put your hurt aside. I never knew until that moment, what it was like to lose something I never really had. -?The Wonder Years Its easy to let go when holding on hurts so bad. To many of us stay walled because we are afraid to care too much, for fear that the there person does not care as much or not at all.Its sad to think youll never be mine, its even sadder to realize I knew it all the time. And sometimes your heart takes you to places that can never lead to a happy ending. Only the one that hurts you, can make you feel better. Only the one who inflicts the pain, can take it away -?Madonna Our lives are shaped by people who love us and people who refuse to love us. How can it be that two of the greatest friends in the world can go from being each others everything to absolutely nothing? You smile when you feel like crying, you act like youre okay, when youre falling apart inside and you let it go.You move on, because theres nothing else you can do I guess everyone has their reasons for keeping people away, an instinct to protect yourself from getting hurt. Its part of human nature. -? Roswell When you love a person, you are giving them the power to hurt you. And its times like this that I dread When theres everything to say, and nothing left to be said, and it makes me sad. Sometimes you dont realize you care for someone, until they stop caring for you. For all sad words of tongue and pen, the saddest are those that might have been. Letting go does not mean giving up but accepting that there are things that cannot be. I dont want to need you because I know I cant have you. Bridges of Madison County And when you begin to miss me, dont forget it was you who let me go. Nothing hurts more than waiting since I dont even know what Im waiting for anymore. I walk away now with the realization that it will never be the way I want it to be. Absence makes the heart grow fonder, but it sure makes the rest of you lonely. Charlie Brown How can you hide from what never goes away?Sometimes the one love you cant get over, is the one love you really never had. Everything is fine. Couldnt hurt more. Want my advice? Stay mad as long as you can cause once you stop, it hurts like hell. The same wall that shuts others out, is the same wall that shuts you in. Think too much. This is where I say Ive had enough. No one should ever feel the way that I feel now. Has your heart ever wanted to ask something, but your mind was scared of the answer? All I wanted to do was collapse in someones arms and cry today. .. T there wasnt anyone there to catch me. Because of you I dont know how to let anyone else in. Ive finally realized the people that you love who dont love you back are Just another lesson in life its like God is teaching us that there can be so much better than what we thought was the best. The most painful love there is, is the love left unshorn. A love that cannot be expressed, affection left unknown. The love that withholds touching, afraid of what it would say, And the most painful thing about unexpressed love is It never fades away.Sad thing is, you can still love someone, and be wrong for them -Elvis Presley Its absurd, who you love and why, and how you cant turn it off when you desperately want to. Thats the most frightening aspect of loneliness.. . You think youre being damaged while loneliness is happening to you, and the worry amplifies the pain. Douglas Copeland Words hurt more then anything else can, because they last, sometimes forever. It sucks to be alone, even when there are people all around you -Scrubs Sometimes to realize you were well, someone must come along and hurt you.